MPPSC 2025 solved paper with Explanation| MPPSC prelims 2025 solved paper

The National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS) is based in Kerala, India, and is located in Thiruvananthapuram, the state's capital, also known as Trivandrum.

In 2023-24, the Madhya Pradesh government allocated 8.3% of its total expenditure budget to education.

Madhya Pradesh has allocated 14.9% of its expenditure on education in 2024-25.

for details visit : Union Budget 2025-26 

Potatoes were the most productive vegetable in Madhya Pradesh in 2023-24.

• The "Udyam Kranti Yojana" aims to encourage entrepreneurship and provide financial support to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Madhya Pradesh, focusing on young entrepreneurs by offering loans at subsidized interest rates to start new businesses and create jobs.
• Designed for individuals aged 18 to 40 to start their own ventures.
• Loans from Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 50 lakh for manufacturing and Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 25 lakh for service units.
• Subsidized interest rates to ease financial pressure.
• Applicants must have at least a 12th-grade education and an Udyam Registration Certificate.

• The stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body, measuring about one millimeter long, and is located in the middle ear.
• It stabilizes the stapes bone, the smallest bone in the body, and helps control sound by reducing vibrations that could harm the inner ear. The stapedius reacts reflexively to loud noises.
• Situated in the tympanic cavity of the middle ear, the stapedius connects the pyramidal eminence of the temporal bone to the neck of the stapes.

In 2017-18, Gujarat recorded the highest capital intensity in India's manufacturing sector, indicating that the state’s manufacturing industry relied more on capital (like machinery, equipment, and infrastructure) than labor compared to other states.

The main goal of fiscal policy is to maintain economic stability, achieve full employment, and stabilize the growth rate. It is frequently coordinated with monetary policy, which involves managing the banking system, controlling the money supply, and regulating interest rates.

In the fiscal year 2023–24, exports of services played a crucial role in reducing India's overall trade deficit. The country's robust IT, business process outsourcing (BPO), and financial services sectors have contributed significantly to earning substantial revenue from service exports. This has helped counterbalance the deficit in merchandise trade, ensuring a more balanced trade situation for India.

India is the top producer of milk, pulses, and jute in the world, and holds the position of the second-largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane, groundnuts, vegetables, fruits, and cotton. Additionally, it ranks among the leading producers of spices, fish, poultry, livestock, and plantation crops.

Top 10 rivers of India

Thakur Ranmat Singh led the revolt in Mankahri but was betrayed by Hira Singh, captured, and hanged on 1st August 1859.

The largest forest cover in India is found in Madhya Pradesh, followed by Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Maharashtra.

The northeastern states of India have the highest percentage of forest cover relative to their total geographical area. These states include Mizoram (84.53%), Arunachal Pradesh (79.33%), Meghalaya (76.00%), Manipur (74.34%), and Nagaland (73.90%).

The Southern Oscillation is a pattern of fluctuation in atmospheric pressure between the western and eastern Pacific Ocean and is not associated with the Indian Ocean.

Explanation: The Southern Oscillation involves changes in atmospheric pressure between the western and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean and plays a crucial role in the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate phenomenon.

• In the year 2020-21, Odisha was the top producer of iron ore in India, contributing 51.1% to the nation's overall production.
• The estimated iron ore production for 2023-24 was approximately 275 million tonnes, showing a 7.5% rise compared to the previous year. Key producers of iron ore during this period included NMDC, SAIL, Odisha Mining Corporation, and Tata Steel Limited. Odisha emerged as the leading producer, contributing 54% of the country's total output, followed by Karnataka with 16% and Chhattisgarh with 15%.

Under the Indian Constitution, the President of India can be impeached only for "violation of the Constitution," which means any act that contradicts the provisions of the Constitution can serve as a basis for impeachment.

Statement 1 is accurate, but Statement 2 is wrong; the initial session of the Constituent Assembly took place on December 9, 1946, in New Delhi. Jawaharlal Nehru was a key member of the Constituent Assembly and played a major role by presenting the "Objectives Resolution" during the meeting.

• The provisions for appointing Supreme Court and High Court judges in the Indian Constitution were influenced by the recommendations of the Sapru Committee (1945).
• The Sapru Committee, headed by Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, presented a report in 1945 that carefully studied the Indian judiciary. It suggested important principles for appointing judges, such as ensuring their independence, fixed tenure, and selecting them through consultations with the Chief Justice of India.

• At present, the Right to Property in the Indian Constitution is classified as a legal right under Article 300A, following its removal from the list of fundamental rights by the 44th Amendment Act of 1978.
• Article 300A outlines the Right to Property, stating that "no person shall be deprived of their property except by the authority of law."
• The 44th Amendment Act changed the nature of the Right to Property by excluding it from the fundamental rights category.

The doctrine of basic structure in the Indian Constitution was first propounded in the 1973 case Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala. This was a landmark decision that established the doctrine with legal reasoning.

The 86th Amendment to the Indian Constitution, enacted in 2002, introduced Article 21A, which ensures free and compulsory education for children between the ages of 6 and 14. This amendment established education as a fundamental right for all children within this age bracket.

• Betwa - Kumra village, Raisen district
• Chambal - Originates from the Malwa Plateau (Madhya Pradesh)
• Dudhhi - Tamia, Chhindwara district
• Ganjal - Sampana Barra hill, Harda district
• Halali - Near Sanchi, Raisen district
• Johilla - Jaleswar Dham, Amarkantak, Anuppur district
• Kewai - Maikal Hills, Mandla district
• Narmada - Amarkantak, Anuppur district
• Son - Amarkantak, Anuppur district
• Tapi - Originates from the Satpura Range (Multai, Madhya Pradesh)
• Wainganga - Chhindwara district, originating from the Satpura Range
• Mahi - Vindhya Range (Madhya Pradesh)
• Ken - Vindhya Range, Panna district
• Saraswati - Near the Vindhya Range, Vidisha district
• Purna - Satpura Range, Betul district
• Shipra - Vindhya Range, Ujjain district

• Madhya Pradesh mostly gets its rain during the monsoon season, with most of it coming from the southwest monsoon winds.
• Since Madhya Pradesh is far from the sea, its location affects the rainfall patterns, with areas closer to the coast usually receiving more rain.
• Pachmarhi, located at a higher altitude, stays cooler in the summer compared to the plains because of its elevation.

Padma Awards recipients

• In Madhya Pradesh, the Baiga, Sahariya, and Bhariya tribes are recognized as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).
• These tribes are considered vulnerable due to factors such as low literacy, declining populations, and a pre-agricultural lifestyle.
• The Ministry of Home Affairs identifies and lists these groups in India.
• The "Asur" tribe in Madhya Pradesh, often referred to as the "Agariya" tribe, is known for its traditional iron-smelting skills and resides primarily in districts like Surguja and Mandla.

The Bharia tribe is the dominant community in the Patalkot valley of Chhindwara district. This isolated valley, nestled in the Satpura ranges, is primarily inhabited by the Bharia tribe, who are known for their traditional way of life, including collecting medicinal plants from the forests.

• Mahan Aluminium, located in Bargawan, Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh, is an integrated aluminium smelting complex with a 359KTPA smelter and a 900MW power plant.
• It uses AP36 smelting technology from Pechiney, France, alongside Solios technology for its carbon plant and BHEL technology for its captive power plant.
• Alumina is sourced from Hindalco’s Utkal and Muri refineries, ensuring consistent quality. Mahan’s products are LME registered, and it exports over 40% of its production globally. The facility focuses on employee development, with over 1600 people benefiting from training and rehabilitation programs. Mahan’s CSR initiatives cover education, health, livelihood, infrastructure, and social causes, impacting 46,500 villagers.
• The unit has received multiple awards for its efforts in environmental management, energy conservation, and CSR.

• The Upanishads are called Vedanta, meaning "the end of the Veda," as they represent the final phase of the Vedic period and reveal its ultimate purpose. The earliest Upanishads, like the Brhadaranyaka and Chandogya, date back to the first millennium BC, while the latest, the Muktikā Upanishad, was recorded in 1656 by Dara Shikoh, the son of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. He also translated fifty Upanishads into Persian. There are 108 Upanishads, often referred to as Vedanga, and the term "Upanishad" reflects the knowledge passed from gurus to their disciples.
• In the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Gargi, a female scholar and one of the nine gems of King Janaka's court, poses several questions to Yajnavalkya. In section 3.6, she inquires about the underlying cause of various elements in the world, and in section 3.8, she asks him two specific questions. Yajnavalkya responds to her queries, and Gargi, after bowing to him, requests to ask more questions. However, Yajnavalkya cautions her not to ask too much, warning that she might suffer consequences for questioning excessively about a deity.

The Kailasanatha Temple (Siva Temple) in Kanchipuram was constructed between 685 and 705 AD by Narasimhavarman II (Rajasimha) of the Pallava Dynasty. His son, Mahendravarman III, completed the front façade and the gopuram (tower). Situated on the banks of the Vegavathy River, at the western edge of Kanchipuram, the temple's inner walls feature sculptures accompanied by paintings.

In 1957, Dr. Vishnu Shridhar Wakankar, an Indian archaeologist known as the "Father of Indian Rock Art Research," discovered the Bhimbetka rock shelters. While traveling by train from Nagpur to Bhopal, he overheard a conversation about hillocks with large boulders and paintings, prompting him to jump off the train and explore the area. He discovered the shelters, which were hidden by dense forest and had been mentioned in tribal folklore.

In addition to Bhimbetka, Wakankar also uncovered the Kayatha culture in 1964. In recognition of his contributions, he was awarded the Padma Shri in 1975.

Today, the Bhimbetka rock shelters are a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognized in 2003 for their ancient rock art, which offers one of the earliest glimpses of human life in India. The caves are named after Bhima, a character from the Mahabharata.

On August 16, 1946, the Muslim League declared "Direct Action Day" to demand the establishment of a separate Muslim state, Pakistan. This announcement was made to intensify the push for the creation of the new nation.

April 6, 1930, is a significant date in Indian history as it marks the day Mahatma Gandhi arrived at Dandi and broke the salt law, marking the end of the "Dandi March" (also known as the Salt Satyagraha). This event was a key moment in the Indian independence struggle against British rule and marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement, where Gandhi openly challenged the British salt monopoly.

The State Reorganisation Act, passed in 1956, was a landmark legislation that reorganized state boundaries based on linguistic regions for administrative efficiency. This act led to widespread debate as it altered political dynamics across India, resulting in the creation of 14 states and 6 union territories. It aimed to empower linguistic communities and enhance cultural identities within India's federal framework.

Pattabhi Sitaramayya was the first Governor of Madhya Pradesh, serving from 1952 to 1957. His tenure laid the foundation for governance in the state, marked by strong leadership and the establishment of key administrative frameworks. Sitaramayya's leadership during these early years set an important example for future governors, influencing the state's development and governance practices.

On January 28, 2023, the Honorable Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh announced the launch of the "Mukhya Mantri Ladli Behna Yojana" across the state. This scheme aims to enhance women's health, nutrition, and economic independence.

The scheme is expected to improve the health and nutritional status of women and their dependent children. It will also empower women financially, allowing them to prioritize their spending. With the financial support provided, women will be able to create self-employment opportunities using local resources and become more active participants in family decision-making.

As per the mandate given to the National Commission of Schedule Caste (NCSC) under Article 338 of the Constitution of India, it is the duty of the Commission to present to the President annually & at other times as the Commission may deem fit, report upon the working of the Constitutional Safeguards of the Scheduled Castes (SCs).

The NCSC is a Constitutional Body established with a view to provide safeguards against the exploitation of Scheduled Castes and to promote and protect their social, educational, economic, and cultural interests.

• Districts with highest forest cover in Madhya Pradesh in terms of Percentage of area

• Districts with lowest forest cover in Madhya Pradesh in terms of Percentage of area

Black soil, also called Regur or Black Cotton Soil, is highly fertile and rich in iron, lime, and magnesium, with good water retention but lacking in nitrogen and phosphorus. It forms from the weathering of volcanic rocks and is particularly suited for cotton cultivation due to its sticky texture when wet. This soil is mainly found in the Deccan Plateau, including states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh.

• During the year 2021-22, Madhya Pradesh was ranked second in area and first in the production of pulses in India.

Article 342:

• The President, after consulting the Governor of a State, can specify certain tribes or tribal communities as Scheduled Tribes for a particular State or Union territory through a public notification.
• Parliament can add or remove any tribe or community from the list of Scheduled Tribes mentioned in the notification, but no changes can be made through another notification except as stated above.

A Trojan Horse is a type of malware that masquerades as legitimate software to deceive users into installing it. Once installed, it behaves like a virus or worm, carrying out harmful actions such as stealing data, accessing sensitive information, or installing additional malware.

• The "Aahar Anudan Yojana," launched by the Tribal Welfare and Scheduled Caste (SC) Department of the Madhya Pradesh Government, offers a monthly grant of ₹1,000 to students, girls, and women from marginalized tribal communities such as Baiga, Bharia, and Saharia. The initiative aims to address malnutrition in these specific tribal families by providing them with financial support for accessing nutritious food.

other related schemes:

• PM POSHAN is a centrally funded scheme that provides hot meals to children in Government and Government-aided schools across India, aiming to improve nutrition and encourage regular school attendance, particularly for disadvantaged children. It is part of the "Integrated Child Development Services Scheme (ICDS)," which includes other initiatives like Anganwadi Services and Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana.
• "Anganwadi Services" serve as a direct intervention to combat malnutrition by offering supplementary nutrition, health check-ups, and nutrition education to children under six, as well as pregnant women and lactating mothers, through a network of Anganwadi centers. This approach specifically targets vulnerable groups at risk of malnutrition.
• The Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) provides maternity benefits to pregnant women and lactating mothers from disadvantaged communities. It offers ₹5,000 for the first child and ₹6,000 for the second child if it’s a girl. The scheme aims to encourage a positive attitude towards girl children and treats cases of miscarriage or stillbirth as new applications for future pregnancies.

The scheme "Rani Durgavati and Shankarshah Puraskar Scheme (Reward Scheme for Meritorious Students)" by the Tribal Welfare and Scheduled Caste (SC) Department, Government of Madhya Pradesh provides awards ranging from ₹3,000/- to ₹51,000/- to the meritorious students from the Scheduled Tribe community based on their performance in the 10th and 12th board examinations.

"Adobe Photoshop" is a graphics software that falls under general-purpose applications, primarily designed for editing and altering digital images. It enables users to create and adjust visual content such as photographs and artwork.

The Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP) is located in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. It is situated on National Highway 72. 

• Economic data from Madhya Pradesh show that the per capita income at current prices nearly four times from FY 2011–12 to FY 2023–24.
• This growth highlights significant economic progress fueled by industrial expansion, infrastructure enhancements, and higher productivity.

• Communities are characterized by continuous changes in their composition and structure, driven by changing environmental factors. These changes follow a systematic and sequential pattern, reflecting shifts in the physical environment. Eventually, these changes lead to a stable community that reaches equilibrium with its surroundings, known as a climax community.
• This gradual and predictable transformation in the species makeup of an area is referred to as ecological succession. The entire sequence of progressively changing communities in an area is called a sere, while the individual transitional communities are known as seral stages. As succession progresses, species diversity, the number of organisms, and total biomass tend to increase.
• Succession begins in areas where no life previously existed, such as bare rock or environments where life has been wiped out. The former is termed primary succession, while the latter is secondary succession. Primary succession can be observed in areas like freshly formed lava, bare rock, or newly created ponds or reservoirs.
• Pioneer species, such as lichens, are the first to colonize these barren areas. Lichens help break down rocks through the secretion of acids, which aids in soil formation. Over time, they are followed by small plants like bryophytes, which take root in the small amount of soil. Larger plants eventually succeed them, leading to the establishment of a stable climax forest.
• Secondary succession occurs in areas where natural communities have been destroyed, such as abandoned farmlands, burned forests, or flood-affected lands. Since some soil remains, secondary succession progresses more quickly than primary succession.
• Succession is also classified based on the habitat type. In wet areas, the succession of plants is called hydrarch, progressing from hydric (wet) conditions to mesic (moderate) ones. In dry areas, xerarch succession occurs, where the sequence progresses from xeric (dry) to mesic conditions.

On August 23, 2023, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) achieved a historic milestone by successfully landing a spacecraft near the lunar south pole, making India the fourth country to reach the moon. In honor of this achievement, Prime Minister Modi declared August 23rd as "National Space Day" to be celebrated each year. The theme for National Space Day 2024 is "Touching Lives while Touching the Moon: India's Space Saga."

• The competition was launched in 2023, attracting 795 entries from across the nation. In its second edition this year, the response was even stronger, with 991 applications received from 30 States and Union Territories. A total of 36 villages emerged as winners in eight categories. Notably, three outstanding villages from Madhya Pradesh were recognized for their contributions to rural tourism.
• Pranpur, a village in Ashoknagar district, was honored in the Craft category; Sabarvani, from Chhindwara district, was recognized in the Responsible Tourism category; and Ladpura Khas, from Niwari district, also received recognition in the Responsible Tourism category.
• These villages were acknowledged for their efforts in sustainable tourism and were awarded the title of "Best Tourism Village" by the Ministry of Tourism. The awards were presented in New Delhi on World Tourism Day.

In 2023, filmmaker Rajkumar Hirani received the Madhya Pradesh government's Kishore Kumar Samman. The award ceremony took place in Khandwa, the birthplace of the iconic singer Kishore Kumar.

• On October 5th, 2024, the Madhya Pradesh Cabinet convened in Singrampur, Damoh district, to commemorate the 500th birth anniversary of 16th-century tribal queen Rani Durgavati.
• The Cabinet approved additional financial aid of up to Rs. 3,900 per hectare for millet farmers under Rani Durgavati Shri Anna Protsahan Yojana scheme, alongside the existing Rs. 1,000 per quintal provided via direct benefit transfer (DBT).
• A committee was formed to create a memorial and garden for Rani Durgavati in Jabalpur, with a budget of Rs. 100 crore. The 24-acre project on Madan Mahal hill will involve multiple state ministers.
• The Cabinet approved the establishment of the Madhya Pradesh Jain Welfare Board to support the social, educational, and economic advancement of the Jain community, with leadership alternating between the Shwetambar and Digambar sects every two years.
• The government decided to continue offering short-term crop loans at 0% interest through cooperative banks for the 2024-25 period.

The 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup final was a Twenty20 International (T20I) cricket match played between South Africa and India at Kensington Oval in Bridgetown, Barbados on 29 June 2024.

The core principles of information security are confidentiality, integrity, and availability, collectively known as the CIA Triad. Every aspect of an information security program should be designed to uphold one or more of these principles.

Confidentiality
Confidentiality measures prevent unauthorized access to information. The goal is to keep personal data private and ensure it is only accessible to those who own it or need it to perform their duties.

Integrity
Integrity safeguards data from unauthorized changes, ensuring it remains accurate and reliable. It prevents accidental or malicious modifications to data.

Availability
Availability ensures that systems, software, and data are accessible when needed. The aim is to guarantee that technology infrastructure and data are available to users at the required time for business operations or customer needs.

• Exercise INDRA is a joint military exercise between India and Russia, designed to enhance defense collaboration and strengthen military relations between the two nations.
• The 11th edition of the India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise, KHANJAR, has begun at the Special Forces Training School in Bakloh, Himachal Pradesh.

• Lamitiye is the name of a joint military exercise between the Indian Army and the Seychelles Defence Forces (SDF).

• Yudh Abhyas is an annual joint military exercise conducted between the United States and India, alternating between the two nations. The inaugural exercise took place in 2004.

Although a large tribal population can be a factor in considering special status, having a significant Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) population alone is typically not a primary criterion for granting special status to a state in India. Other factors, such as hilly terrain, low population density, and strategic border location, are generally regarded as more relevant in determining special category status.

• Estimates committee current chairman - Sanjay Jaiswal
• Baijayant panda - Baijayant "Jay" Panda is National Vice-President of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

As per One District One Product (ODOP)  some districts with their products are

• Sheopur- Guava
• Morena-Mustard
• Bhind-Mustard
• Gwalior-Sandstone Tiles
• Shivpuri-Cloth Jacket
• Guna-Coriander Seed
• Datia-Jaggery
• Ashoknagar-Chanderi Handloom
• Chattarpur-Wooden Furniture
• Tikamgarh-Ginger
• Sagar-Farm Equipment
• Damoh-Gram
• Panna-Gooseberry/Amla
• Niwari-Ginger
• Dewas-Bamboo
• Ratlam-Ratlami Namkeen
• Shajapur-Onion
• Agar Malwa-Orange
• Mandsaur-Garlic
• Neemuch-Coriander
• Ujjain-Batik Print
• Indore-Potato
• Dhar-Bagh Print
• Alirajpur-Mahua
• Jhabua-Kadaknath Chicken
• Khargone-Chilli
• Barwani-Ginger
• Khandwa-Onion
• Burhanpur-Banana
• Bhopal-Zari Zardozi & Jute Product
• Sehore-Wooden Toys and Handicraft
• Raisen-Basmati Rice
• Rajgarh-Orange
• Vidisha-Farm Equipment
• Betul-Teak Wood
• Hoshangabad-Tourism
• Harda-Bamboo
• Jabalpur-Peas
• Katni-Katni Stone
• Narsinghpur-Toor Dal
• Chindwara-Orange
• Seoni-Custard Apple
• Balaghat-Chinnor Rice
• Mandala-Kodu Kutki
• Dindori-Kodu Kutki
• Rewa-Bamboo
• Singrauli-Kodu Kutki
• Sidhi-Carpet
• Satna-Tomato
• Umaria-Mahua
• Shadol-Turmeric
• Anuppur-Kodu Kutki

National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission:

• Launched in the Union Budget 2023, the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission addresses the health issues caused by Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), particularly among tribal populations. The mission aims to eradicate SCD as a public health concern in India by 2047.
• Mass screening programs to identify individuals at risk.
• Providing education to families about the genetic nature of the disease.
• Utilization of tools like HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) for accurate diagnosis.
• Partnering with organizations such as Sankalp India for pregnancy-related testing.
• Specialized labs at AIIMS Bhopal for early diagnosis.
• Creating a mobile app and National Sickle Cell Portal for tracking and reporting data.

• The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare presented details of the Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK) in the Rajya Sabha, focusing on adolescent health.
• Launched in 2014, the program aims for the holistic development of individual aged 10-19, including all genders, socioeconomic backgrounds, and education levels.
• It also supports LGBTQ adolescents.
• The RKSK, guided by a National Adolescent Health Strategy developed with UNFPA, covers six areas: nutrition, sexual health, substance misuse, non-communicable diseases, mental health, and violence.
• The program emphasizes outreach in schools, families, and communities, with key initiatives such as Adolescent Friendly Health Clinics, the Weekly Iron Folic Acid Supplementation program, a Peer Educator initiative in priority districts, and the Menstrual Hygiene Scheme for adolescent girls.

Union Home Minister Amit Shah laid the foundation for the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) Academy in Nagpur, Maharashtra. He also inaugurated a campus of the National Fire Service College, based in Nagpur. Once finished, the NDRF Academy will feature advanced infrastructure designed to simulate disasters and train personnel in various rescue operations. The National Disaster Response Force, established in 2006, is a specialized force focused on disaster-related response activities.

The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023, was published in the Gazette of India on August 3, 2023, after being notified by the Ministry of Law and Justice. It amends the 2002 Biological Diversity Act and came into force on April 1, 2024. Key changes include updating the definition of "biological resources," expanding exemptions for local communities, increasing penalties, appointing an adjudication officer, and requiring prior approval from the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) for transferring research results.

• On October 9, 1930, Muka Lohar and other protesters marched to Khwasa to gather grass from the government’s sandalwood garden. The police arrested Muka Lohar and opened fire on the crowd, killing three women and one man, and injuring over 30 people. The British government retaliated by whipping students and youth.

• The protest was against British forest laws that restricted native access to forest resources. It sparked further resistance in the region against imperialism and shattered the notion that only educated, middle-class urban people were central to the freedom movement.

• The first cave at Bagh in Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh, is known as Griha. It served as a residence for the head priest of the cave complex.
• The second cave at Bagh in Madhya Pradesh is referred to as the Pandava Cave or Gonsai Cave. It is the most well-preserved cave at Bagh and features a combination of Vihara and Chaitanya styles.
• The third cave at the Bagh Caves in Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh, is known as Hathi Khana. It served as a residential space for the esteemed members of the fraternity.

• As of March 2024, Madhya Pradesh has one oil refinery, the Bina Refinery, situated in the Sagar district.
• This refinery is managed by Bharat Oman Refinery Limited, a subsidiary of Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL).
• BPCL has revealed plans to increase the refinery's capacity from 7.8 to 11 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA).
• The Bina Petchem and Refinery Expansion Project is slated to begin in July 2024 and is expected to be completed by August 2025.

• As of 2023, Rajasthan has a total solar power generation capacity of 17.8 GW. The government is working to increase this capacity by adding 30,000 MW of solar energy by 2025. Additionally, Rajasthan is home to the world's largest operational solar park in Jodhpur, with a generation capacity of 2,245 MW. The state has set a target to produce 90 MW of renewable energy by 2030.

• Gujarat is one of the top states in India for solar energy, contributing approximately 14 percent of the nation's total capacity. The state generates 19 MW of renewable energy, with 10 MW coming from solar power alone, making Gujarat the second-largest producer of solar energy in India.

• The 2011 census revealed that Meghalaya had the highest population growth rate in India from 2001 to 2011.
• Arunachal Pradesh recorded the second-highest growth rate at 25.9%.
• While Bihar came in third with a growth rate of 25.1%.

• Andal was the only female Alvar saint among the 12 Vaishnava poet-saints of South India.
• A poet and devotee of Vishnu in the 8th century CE, she is also known as Godhai, Nachiyar, and Godha Devi. Believed to be an incarnation of the earth goddess Bhumi, the consort of Vishnu.
• She is credited with composing the Tamil works Tiruppavai and Nachiyar Tirumoli.
• Andal remains a significant figure for women in South India and inspired many women's groups, including the Goda Mandali.

• Gopatha Brahmana is associated with the Atharva Veda.
• Panchvish and Jaiminiya are both associated with the Samaveda.
• Aitareya and Kaushitaki are Brahmanas that are associated with the Rigveda.
• Taittiriya and Shatapatha are Brahmana which are associated with the Yajurveda. 

• Gopatha Brahmana is associated with the Atharva Veda.
• Panchvish and Jaiminiya are both associated with the Samaveda.
• Aitareya and Kaushitaki are Brahmanas that are associated with the Rigveda.
• Taittiriya and Shatapatha are Brahmana which are associated with the Yajurveda. 

• Chand Bardai wrote Prithviraj Raso
• Rajashekhara wrote: Karpuramanjari, Kavyamimamsa, and Balaramayana
• Jagnik (Jagnayak) a court poet of the Chandela king Paramardi Deva composed the epic Alha- Khand.

• Kathi Dance is traditional folk dance of Nimar Region.
• Maach is a popular folk drama from the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh. It is the state drama of Madhya Pradesh
• Mansukha is a traditional folk drama from the Baghelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh, and it is a variation of the Ras-Leela performance.
• Gammat is the folk drama of Western Nimar, Madhya Pradesh. It Combines dance, drama and singing. 

Author of Prabandha chintamani: Merutunga

The Matangeshwar Temple, a prominent ninth-century temple in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, was built by King Chandra Dev of the Chandela dynasty, who was a devoted follower of Lord Shiva. Lord Shiva is revered as the sage Matang, which is how the Shiva Lingam came to be known as Matangeswarar. The temple exudes a sense of peace and serenity.

Author of Shree Ram Rasayan: Sadguru Aniruddha

In Madhya Pradesh, tribal administration is organized across 31 Integrated Tribal Development Projects (ITDPs), 30 MADA (Modified Area Development Approach) pockets, and 6 tribal clusters, collectively forming the tribal sub-plan area of the state.

A resilient network is capable of enduring disruptions, adjusting to changes, and rapidly returning to normal operations, even in the face of challenges such as hardware failures, cyberattacks, or natural disasters.

• MS-DOS ( Microsoft Disk Operating System) employs a command-line interface (CLI), where users interact with the system by entering text commands to perform tasks.
• MS-DOS is not GUI- based operating system rather it relies on  text based commands.

There are four phases of Gartner's Evolution Model of E-Governance:

• Presence: The government has a website offering basic information to the public.
• Interaction: The government engages with citizens, businesses, and other governments via email, forms, and websites.
• Transaction: Citizens and businesses can complete online transactions, like applying for licenses or making purchases
• Transformation: The government uses transaction data to enhance governance and operational processes.

• Mark Zuckerberg: Founder of Facebook.
• Elon Musk: Tesla CEO and co-founder of seven companies including Tesla, SpaceX, X, PayPal etc.
• Bill Gates: Co-Founder of Microsoft Corporation
• Jack Dorsey: Co- Founder of Twitter and Square

Saaransh is a collection of mission mode projects (MMP) under the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), published by the Department of Information Technology. Key elements of NeGP include:

• Mission Mode Projects
• Integrated Service Delivery Platform
• Core ICT Infrastructure
• Supporting components like core policies, standards, HRD, and training.

Some examples of Mission Mode Projects (MMPs) are:
Agriculture, Commercial Taxes, e-District, Employment Exchange, Land Records, Municipalities, and e-Panchayats.

P.R. Sreejesh has received the following awards:

• Arjuna Award: Received in 2015
• World Games Athlete of the Year: Received in 2021
• Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award: Received in 2021
• FIH Goalkeeper of the Year: Received in 2021, 2022, and 2024
• Padma Bhushan: Received in 2025

FPGA, or "Field Programmable Gate Array," is an integrated circuit that can be reconfigured post-manufacturing, enabling designers to customize its functionality for particular uses. This makes it ideal for running AI algorithms because of its adaptability and strong processing capabilities.

• Article 339 of the Constitution of India outlines the Union's authority over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the well-being of Scheduled Tribes.
• According to Article 332 of the Constitution of India, seats are reserved for Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the states.
• Article 334 of the Constitution of India states that the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes will cease 70 years after the Constitution comes into effect.
• Article 243D of the Constitution of India mandates that at least one-third of the seats filled by direct election, as well as one-third of the positions of Panchayat chairpersons, be reserved for women.