MPPSC Pre 2024 Solved paper with Explanation| MPPSC 2024 solved paper

Samagra Shiksha is a comprehensive program for the school education sector, covering levels from pre-school to class 12. Its primary aim is to enhance school effectiveness, focusing on providing equal educational opportunities and ensuring equitable learning outcomes. The scheme consolidates the three programs—Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA), and Teacher Education (TE) and it was launched in 2018.

UNNATI, or Unified Network for Agriculture Technology Initiative, leverages Geo-ICT tools and Remote Sensing to assist farmers in decision-making. It utilizes technologies such as satellite imagery, drone data, GIS, GPS, and mobile technology.

• The Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) is the portion of a bank's demand and time liabilities (DTL) that must be maintained in liquid assets. The SLR range in India is from a minimum of 0% to a maximum of 40%. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) sets the required SLR percentage.
• The amendment to the Banking Regulation Act in 2007 removed the 25% floor on the SLR, allowing the SLR to range from 0% to 40% of a bank's DTL. 

The G20 was created to include key emerging powers in global economic discussion and governance. 

The SDG India Index, developed by NITI Aayog, categorizes states and union territories (UTs) into four groups based on their scores: Aspirant: 0–49, Performer: 50–64, Front-Runner: 65–99, Achiever: 100

This index evaluates the progress of states and UTs towards meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), taking into account factors like health, education, economic growth, climate change, and gender.

As per One District One Product (ODOP)  some districts with their products are

• Sheopur- Guava
• Morena-Mustard
• Bhind-Mustard
• Gwalior-Sandstone Tiles
• Shivpuri-Cloth Jacket
• Guna-Coriander Seed
• Datia-Jaggery
• Ashoknagar-Chanderi Handloom
• Chattarpur-Wooden Furniture
• Tikamgarh-Ginger
• Sagar-Farm Equipment
• Damoh-Gram
• Panna-Gooseberry/Amla
• Niwari-Ginger
• Dewas-Bamboo
• Ratlam-Ratlami Namkeen
• Shajapur-Onion
• Agar Malwa-Orange
• Mandsaur-Garlic
• Neemuch-Coriander
• Ujjain-Batik Print
• Indore-Potato
• Dhar-Bagh Print
• Alirajpur-Mahua
• Jhabua-Kadaknath Chicken
• Khargone-Chilli
• Barwani-Ginger
• Khandwa-Onion
• Burhanpur-Banana
• Bhopal-Zari Zardozi & Jute Product
• Sehore-Wooden Toys and Handicraft
• Raisen-Basmati Rice
• Rajgarh-Orange
• Vidisha-Farm Equipment
• Betul-Teak Wood
• Hoshangabad-Tourism
• Harda-Bamboo
• Jabalpur-Peas
• Katni-Katni Stone
• Narsinghpur-Toor Dal
• Chindwara-Orange
• Seoni-Custard Apple
• Balaghat-Chinnor Rice
• Mandala-Kodu Kutki
• Dindori-Kodu Kutki
• Rewa-Bamboo
• Singrauli-Kodu Kutki
• Sidhi-Carpet
• Satna-Tomato
• Umaria-Mahua
• Shadol-Turmeric
• Anuppur-Kodu Kutki

The Balaghat Chinnor rice variety from Madhya Pradesh was awarded a Geographical Indication (GI) tag by the Government of India in September 2021.

• El Nino and La Nina are climate phenomena in the Pacific Ocean that can influence weather patterns around the globe.
• El Nino is a climate event that happens when the sea temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean become unusually warm. This warming can disrupt global weather patterns, causing effects like warmer winters in certain areas, droughts in others, and shifts in rainfall distribution. It generally occurs every two to seven years and can last for several months.
• La Nina, often referred to as El Viejo, anti-El Nino, or "a cold event," is a climate phenomenon marked by cooler-than-normal sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. This cooling can cause shifts in global weather patterns, including more rainfall in some areas, droughts in others, and cooler winters in specific regions. Similar to El Nino, La Nina occurs every two to seven years and can persist for several months.

• The Narmada River is regarded as the lifeline of Madhya Pradesh, flowing largely through the state and holding the title of its longest river of MP with total length: 1,312 km, from which 1,077 km flowing through Madhya Pradesh.
• Source of Narmada is Amarkantak plateau in the Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh.
• Flow direction of Narmada is Westward
• However the Nile is the longest river in the world, while the Ganga is the longest river in India. 

• West Bengal is known as the top rice producer in India In 2024-25 West Bengal is producing around15.75 million tonnes of rice.
• West Bengal accounts for more than 15% of India's total rice production.
• Other leading rice-producing states in India in 2025 include Uttar Pradesh with 12.5 million tonnes, Punjab with 11.82 million tonnes, and Tamil Nadu with 7.98 million tonnes.
• China is the top rice producer globally, followed by India.

India is the 4th largest bauxite producer globally, with the mineral mainly found in laterite rocks and tertiary deposits, especially in the Deccan Plateau. Major bauxite resources are found along the East Coast, especially in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. The states with the largest bauxite reserves are Odisha (53%), Andhra Pradesh (16%), Gujarat (8%), Jharkhand (5%), and Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Chhattisgarh (4% each). Key mining areas include Kalahandi, Sambalpur, Bolangir, Koraput (Odisha), Panchpatmali (Odisha), Chachandi (Madhya Pradesh), Mainpat (Chhattisgarh), Asota-Mevasa (Gujarat), and Durgamanwadi (Maharashtra).

Madhya Pradesh was the largest producer of pulses in India in the financial year 2021-2022. Rajasthan was the second largest producer. 

• Jharkhand: Highest coal reserves in India.
• Odisha: Second largest coal reserves in India

• Cauvery or Kaveri River rises at Talakaveri on the Brahmagiri range in the Western Ghats in the state of Karnataka.
• The Sabarmati River begins in the Aravalli Range, at Dhebar Lake in Udaipur district, Rajasthan, which is part of the Mewar region therefore the source of the Sabarmati River is considered to be in Mewar.
• The Tapti River originates from Multai in the Betul district of Madhya Pradesh. It flows from the eastern slopes of the Satpura Range. 
• The Damodar is a rain-fed river. It originates in Khamarpat Hill on Chotanagpur Plateau in Jharkhand.

As per the 2011 census, Arunachal Pradesh had the lowest population density in India, with just 17 people per square kilometer.

As per 2011 census, Dindori district in Madhya Pradesh is having lowest population density at 94 people per square kilometer. 

In 1973, bamboo trees in Madhya Pradesh were nationalized, creating a state-run monopoly and ending the harvesting by contractors, leaseholders, and nistaris. Since then, the forest department has managed bamboo forests. Bamboo is categorized into commercial and industrial types. Commercial bamboo is used by basods, nistaris, and panbarejas, while industrial bamboo is used for paper pulp production.

• Sandstone is found in various regions of Madhya Pradesh, including Jabalpur, Bhopal, Gwalior, and Morena. This sedimentary rock, primarily composed of quartz, is commonly used in construction and landscaping. It produces sandy soil that drains rapidly but is susceptible to erosion in heavy rainfall.

• Limestone is found in many districts of Madhya Pradesh, including Gwalior, Narsinghpur, Sidhi, Satna, Rewa, Damoh, Katni, Sagar, Panna, Morena, and Neemuch. Madhya Pradesh is an important area for investment in the cement industry because it is having 9% of the country's total limestone reserves.

• Basalt primarily contains iron and lime. The black soil of Madhya Pradesh has been formed through the deposition and weathering of basalt from the Deccan trap. It is also called regur soil.
• Gneiss is created through the metamorphism of igneous rocks, with the Bundelkhand gneiss being the oldest variety.

The south-eastern region of Madhya Pradesh experiences the highest rainfall from the Bay of Bengal branch of the South-West Monsoon.

Rock phosphate is used in agriculture, chemistry, and national defense. It is an important source of phosphorus, a vital nutrient that plants need for healthy growth.

Soybean farming began as a pilot project in Dewas district, Madhya Pradesh. The Madhya Pradesh is known as the Soybean Capital of India, with key cultivation areas including Ujjain, Ratlam, Shahdol, Narsinghpur, Jabalpur, Sidhi, Hoshangabad, and Umaria.

In 2021-2022, wheat was the top cereal crop in Madhya Pradesh in terms of sown area and ranked second in total crop production.

• The Bansagar Project is a multi-purpose river valley project located on the Son River in Madhya Pradesh. It includes an irrigation system and a hydroelectric power plant.
• There are multiple projects in Bhander, India, including a solar power plant, a power station, and a road project. Mainly Bhander Solar PV Park is a solar power project in Madhya Pradesh with a capacity of 89.87 MW. The project is still in the approval stage, with construction expected to begin in 2024. It is planned to start commercial operations in 2025.
• The Rajghat Dam Project is a water reservoir and dam located on the Betwa River, spanning Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. It serves purposes of irrigation and power gener
• The Sardar Sarovar Dam is an irrigation project that spans four states—Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan—and is situated on the Narmada River in Gujarat.

• According to the 2011 Census of India, Bhopal has the highest percentage of urban population, with 80.9% living in urban areas.
• Following Bhopal are Indore at 74.1%, Gwalior at 62.7%, Jabalpur at 58.5%, and Ujjain at 39.2%. These statistics reflect the considerable urbanization in these districts.

• A state of emergency in India can be declared by the President during times of crisis, with the advice of the Union cabinet.
• This allows the President to override certain constitutional provisions that protect Fundamental Rights.
• The emergency provisions, found in Part XVIII of the Indian Constitution (Articles 352 to 360), help the Central government handle extraordinary situations.
• These provisions aim to protect the country's sovereignty, unity, integrity, security, democracy, and Constitution.
• The Constitution outlines three types of emergencies: National, Constitutional, and Financial.

The Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution had seven members: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, K.M. Munshi, Mohd Saadulla, D.P. Khaitan, B.L. Mitter, N. Gopalaswami, and Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was appointed Chairman on August 30, 1947. B.N. Rau served as the constitutional advisor to the committee.

• The Attorney General of India is appointed by the President and must meet qualifications to be a Supreme Court judge, such as being a citizen of India and either a high court judge for five years, an advocate for ten years, or an eminent jurist in the President's opinion.
• The term of office is not fixed, and the Attorney General serves at the President's pleasure, meaning they can be removed at any time.
• They may also resign by submitting a resignation to the President.
• It is customary for the Attorney General to resign when the Council of Ministers changes, as they are appointed on its advice. Their salary is determined by the President.

• Under Article 61, the President of India can be impeached for violating the Constitution, though the violations are not specified.
• The process can begin in either Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha, with charges signed by one-fourth of the members and a 14-day notice to the President.
• The bill needs a two-thirds majority to pass in the first house, then moves to the other house for investigation.
• If both houses approve the charges by a special majority, the President is removed from office without needing presidential assent.

The 11th Schedule, added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992, defines the functions and powers that can be assigned to Panchayats.

First Schedule- Name and Territorial extent

Second Schedule- Allowances, privileges of President, Governor, etc.

Third Schedule- Forms of Oaths or Affirmations

Fourth Schedule- Allocation of seats to various states and UTs in the Rajya Sabha

Fifth Schedule- Provision as to the administration and control of the scheduled area and scheduled tribes.

Sixth Schedule- Provision as to the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram

Seventh Schedule- Division of Power between the Union and States

Eighth Schedule- Languages (originally 14 but presently 22) recognized by the constitution

Ninth Schedule- Acts and Regulations

Tenth Schedule- Anti Defection Act

Eleventh Schedule- Powers, Authority and responsibilities of Panchayats. It has 29 subjects.

Twelfth Schedule- Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities. It has 18 subjects.

• Kols, Madiya, Agariya, Panika, Khairwar live at Shahdol, Sidhi, Jabalpur, Rewa, Satna
• Gond, Bhariya, Baiga, Madiya, Halba live at Mandla, Balaghat, Seoni, Chhindwara, Betul, Hoshangabad
• Bhil, Bhilala live at Khandwa, Khargone, Jhabua, Ratlam, Dhar, Alirajpur
• Gond, Korku live at Betul, Hoshangabad, Jabalpur, Harda, Narsinghpur, Raisen
• Sahariya, Saur live at Gwalior, Bhind, Morena, Shivpuri, Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur, Sagar

The State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan was a 1951 Supreme Court case that opposed caste-based reservations in government jobs and colleges, resulting in the First Amendment to the Constitution of India.

• Sitaram Kanwar and Raghunath Singh Mandloi (Bhilala) were tribal leaders who fought against the British in the Nimar region during the 1857 revolt.

• Some prominent tribal freedom fighters from Madhya Pradesh, along with their tribes, include: 
  • Tantya Bhil: Bhil tribe
  • Bhima Nayak: Bhil tribe
  • Khaja Nayak: Bhil tribe
  • Sitaram Kanwar: Bhilala tribe
  • Raghunath Singh Mandloi: Bhilala tribe
  • Dashrath-Hirya Bhil: Bhil tribe
  • Rengu Korku: Korku tribe
  • Birsa Munda: Munda tribe (although primarily from Jharkhand, his influence extended to Madhya Pradesh)

• The Gond tribe celebrates two major festivals: the Madai festival and the Keslapur Jathra.
• The main festival of the Baiga tribe is called Karma, which is celebrated in the Hindu month of Bhadrapada.
• The Bhariya tribe, mainly found in the Patalkot Valley of Madhya Pradesh, observes a marriage tradition known as "Manda" or "Mandwara." This is a wooden structure, often intricately carved, representing a multi-storied palace, and is an important part of their wedding celebrations. However, the Bhagoria festival is a major festival celebrated by the Bharia tribe.
• The Sahariya tribe celebrates many festivals, including Holi, Janmashtami, Raksha Bandhan, Deepawali and Teja Dashmi. They also celebrate Savni Amavasya and Makar Sankranti.

Vanya Prakashan is a publishing house under the Tribal Affairs Department of the Madhya Pradesh government, founded in 1980 to promote and preserve tribal culture and inform tribal communities about government welfare programs.

• National Kabir Award, or "Kabir Puraskar," is presented by the Government of India to honor individuals who demonstrate bravery and humanity by protecting lives and property across communities during communal riots.
• The "Shikhar Award" at the state level recognizes individuals for exceptional achievements in areas such as arts, literature, and social work.
• The National Devi Ahilya Samman is an award given to women artists in Madhya Pradesh for their work in traditional, folk, and tribal arts.
• The National Tulsi Award is an annual award presented by the Madhya Pradesh government to honor excellence in traditional, folk, and tribal arts.

The main objective behind starting this scheme is to provide economic support to farmers to increase their agricultural income.

INSAT-3DR: launched in September 2016

PSLV-C55 rocket was launched on 22nd April, 2023

GSLV-F12 rocket was launched on May 29, 2023 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. 

PSLV-C37 was launched on 15 Feb 2017 with Cartosat-2D as the main payload along with another 103 satellites as co-passengers.

The cervical vertebrae are the 7 bones in neck that support head and enable neck movements.

Dobson units: Ozone layer thickness

Decibels: Unit of sound

PPB- (Parts per billions)- used to measure very very small concentration of a substance in mixture

PPM- (parts per million)- used to measure concentration of a substance in a mixture (used to measure very small concentration)

Objective of National Health Policy 2017  To ensure the highest possible standard of health and well-being for all citizens by providing accessible, high-quality healthcare.

Seven priority areas include:

1. Preventive and promotive health: This involves initiatives like the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, promoting healthy diets, encouraging regular exercise, and reducing tobacco, alcohol, and substance abuse.
2. Public health care delivery organization: This focuses on creating a reliable, transparent, and accountable regulatory framework.
3. Health infrastructure and human resources: This involves strengthening healthcare support systems and human resources to enhance care quality.
4. Pollution control: This aims to reduce both indoor and outdoor air pollution.
5. Addressing gender violence: This includes programs like Nirbhaya Nari to combat gender-based violence.
6. Reducing stress and improving workplace safety: This focuses on reducing workplace stress and enhancing safety measures.
7. Yatri Suraksha: This aims to prevent fatalities from rail and road traffic accidents.

Famous personalities

Sitar Musician- Ravi Shankar

Mridangam player- Ramnad V Raghavan

Flute Musician- Hariprasad Chaurasia

Santoor Musician- Pt. Shiv Kumar Sharma

Tabla - Ustad Zakir Husain

Sarod Musician- Amjad Ali Khan

Sarangi Musician- Pt. Ram Narayan

Shahanai Musician- Bismillah Khan

Rudra Veena- Ustad Asad Ali Khan

Ghatam- T.H. Vinayakram

• The Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra, India are renowned for their artwork, sculptures, and architectural design. They are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site.
• The Ellora Caves are known for their sculptures, including the Kailasa temple, the world's largest single monolithic structure. This chariot-shaped temple is dedicated to Shiva, featuring a famous sculpture of Ravana trying to lift Mount Kailasa.
• The Elephanta Caves are known for their rock-cut architecture, sculptures, and cultural importance. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the main cave houses a large Shiva statue, Maheshamurti. The caves showcase Hindu mythology and a mix of Hindu and Buddhist elements.
• The Kanheri Caves in Mumbai, India are known for their role as a Buddhist education center, rock-cut architecture, and some of the earliest Buddha images in South India.

Ashtanga yoga is a powerful style of yoga that combines the eight limbs of yoga into a complete practice.

• The Khilafat - took place from 1919 to 1924, aiming to protect the Ottoman Sultan's position as the Caliph of Islam.
• The Non-Cooperation Movement - started by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, aiming to urge the British government to provide India with self-governance.
• The Civil Disobedience Movement- initiated in 1930 by Mahatma Gandhi, was a large-scale protest against British colonial rule, employing nonviolent tactics like violating the Salt Law, boycotting British products, and refusing to pay taxes.
• The Quit India Movement: held in 1942, aimed to demand the immediate end of British rule in India. It was led by Mahatma Gandhi.

• Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Founder of Brahmo Samaj
• G. Chandavarkar : An early Indian National Congress politician and Hindu reformer.
• Mahadev Govind Ranade: An Indian scholar, social reformer, judge and author

MPEG:- "Moving Picture Experts Group," the organization which is responsible for developing the standards for both MP3 and MP4 file formats.

MP3:- "MPEG Audio Layer 3," it is a commonly used audio format primarily designed for storing music, concentrating on audio data alone.

MP4:- "MPEG-4 Part 14," this is a multimedia file format that can store both video and audio, offering greater flexibility compared to MP3.

Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables machines to learn and enhance their performance through experience. It employs algorithms to process data, recognize patterns, and make decisions.

Some other branches of AI are-

• Computer vision
• Fuzzy Logic
• Expert Systems
• Robotics
• Neural Network/ Deep Learning
• Natural Language Processing (NLP) etc

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) creates standards and guidelines to support the development of a web that prioritizes accessibility, internationalization, privacy, and security for all users.

Phishing is a cyberattack that deceives individuals into revealing personal information, downloading harmful software, or exposing themselves to online crime.

Kurrently is a new, free search engine that shows real-time results from Twitter and Facebook in a simple and super-fast way.

Creator of Kurrently: Gilbert Leung

Layer-1: Hardware: This layer includes all hardware components and related information.
Layer-2: Kernel: The kernel is the core software that acts as a link between the hardware and other software, managing essential tasks like memory, file, network, and process management.
Layer-3: Shell Commands: The shell serves as the interface between the user and the kernel, interpreting and executing user commands like cp, mv, cat, grep, and others.
Layer-4: Application Layer: This layer handles the execution of external applications provided by the user.

Jack Dorsey- Founder of Twitter

Mark Zuckerberg- CEO of Facebook

Fred Cavazza-Marketing technologist and speaker (Paris, France)

John McCarthy- American Mathematician and computer scientist

The "imitation game," developed and named by Alan Turing, was designed to assess whether a machine can demonstrate intelligence comparable to that of a human. The test consists of a human judge interacting in natural language with both a human and a machine, without knowing which is which. If the judge is unable to consistently tell the difference between the two based on the conversation, the machine is deemed to have successfully passed the Turing Test.